Lifetime milk production of Holstein cattle in the humid tropics compared to Holstein-Gyr and Holstein-Brahman crosses.

Crossbred cattle are commonly used for milk production in the tropics, combining the potential benefits of pure breeds with the heterosis effects of the offspring. However, no comprehensive assessment of lifetime productivity for crossbred versus purebred cattle in low-altitude tropical environments has been carried out. The present study compares the lifetime productivity of purebred Holstein (HO, n = 17,269), Gyr (GY4, n = 435), and Brahman (BR4, n = 622) with crossbreds Gyr × Holstein (GY × HO, n = 5521) and Brahman×Holstein (BR × HO, n = 5429) cows from dairy farms located in low and medium altitude tropical regions in Costa Rica. The production traits of interest were age at first calving (AFC), days open (DO), milk production per lactation (TMP), lactation length (LLEN), age at culling (ACUL), and number of lactations (NLAC). Estimates of heterosis were also calculated. The AFC for GY × HO crosses (33-34 months) was not significantly different (p > .05) from HO (33.8 months). For BR × HO crosses, a significant (p < .05) decrease in AFC (BR3HO1 35.6 months, BR2HO2 34.5 months, and BR1H03 33.3 months) was observed as the fraction of HO breed increased. Estimates of heterosis for AFC were favourable for both crosses, of a magnitude close to 3%. The DO for F1 crosses (GY2HO2 94 days; BR2HO2 96 days) was significantly (p < .05) lower than HO (123 days). Estimates of heterosis for DO were also favourable and above 15% for both crosses. The TMP and LLEN were higher for HO (TMP = 5003 kg; LLEN = 324 days) compared with GY × HO (TMP = 4428 to 4773 kg; LLEN = 298 to 312 days) and BR × HO (TMP = 3950 to 4761 kg; LLEN = 273 to 313 days) crosses. Heterosis for TMP was favourable but low for both crosses, with a magnitude below 3.0%. The NLAC for HO (4.6 lactations) was significantly (p < .05) lower than F1 (GY2HO2, 5.8 lactations; BR2HO2, 5.4 lactations). Heterosis for NLAC was above 6.0% for both crosses. Overall, estimates of lifetime income over feed costs per cow on average were USD 2637 (30.3%) and USD 734 (8.4%) higher in F1 GY × HO and BR × HO, respectively, compared to HO. In conclusion, crossbred animals, specifically those with Gyr and Brahman genetics, extend the productive lifespan, increasing economic returns.

Initiation of a ZAKα-dependent ribotoxic stress response by the innate immunity endoribonuclease RNase L.

RNase L is an endoribonuclease of higher vertebrates that functions in antiviral innate immunity. Interferons induce oligoadenylate synthetase enzymes that sense double-stranded RNA of viral origin leading to the synthesis of 2',5'-oligoadenylate (2-5A) activators of RNase L. However, it is unknown precisely how RNase L remodels the host cell transcriptome. To isolate effects of RNase L from other effects of double-stranded RNA or virus, 2-5A is directly introduced into cells. Here, we report that RNase L activation by 2-5A causes a ribotoxic stress response involving the MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K) ZAKα, MAP2Ks, and the stress-activated protein kinases JNK and p38α. RNase L activation profoundly alters the transcriptome by widespread depletion of mRNAs associated with different cellular functions but also by JNK/p38α-stimulated induction of inflammatory genes. These results show that the 2-5A/RNase L system triggers a protein kinase cascade leading to proinflammatory signaling and apoptosis.

Mechanistic basis for potassium efflux-driven activation of the human NLRP1 inflammasome.

Nigericin, an ionophore derived from Streptomyces hygroscopicus, is arguably the most commonly used tool compound to study the NLRP3 inflammasome. Recent findings, however, showed that nigericin also activates the NLRP1 inflammasome in human keratinocytes. In this study, we resolve the mechanistic basis of nigericin-driven NLRP1 inflammasome activation. In multiple nonhematopoietic cell types, nigericin rapidly and specifically inhibits the elongation stage of the ribosome cycle by depleting cytosolic potassium ions. This activates the ribotoxic stress response (RSR) sensor kinase ZAKα, p38, and JNK, as well as the hyperphosphorylation of the NLRP1 linker domain. As a result, nigericin-induced pyroptosis in human keratinocytes is blocked by extracellular potassium supplementation, ZAKα knockout, or pharmacologic inhibitors of ZAKα and p38 kinase activities. By surveying a panel of ionophores, we show that electroneutrality of ion movement is essential to activate ZAKα-driven RSR and a greater extent of K+ depletion is necessary to activate ZAKα-NLRP1 than NLRP3. These findings resolve the mechanism by which nigericin activates NLRP1 in nonhematopoietic cell types and demonstrate an unexpected connection between RSR, perturbations of potassium ion flux, and innate immunity.

Nitric oxide-induced ribosome collision activates ribosomal surveillance mechanisms.

Impairment of protein translation can cause stalling and collision of ribosomes and is a signal for the activation of ribosomal surveillance and rescue pathways. Despite clear evidence that ribosome collision occurs stochastically at a cellular and organismal level, physiologically relevant sources of such aberrations are poorly understood. Here we show that a burst of the cellular signaling molecule nitric oxide (NO) reduces translational activity and causes ribosome collision in human cell lines. This is accompanied by activation of the ribotoxic stress response, resulting in ZAKα-mediated activation of p38 and JNK kinases. In addition, NO production is associated with ZNF598-mediated ubiquitination of the ribosomal protein RPS10 and GCN2-mediated activation of the integrated stress response, which are well-described responses to the collision of ribosomes. In sum, our work implicates a novel role of NO as an inducer of ribosome collision and activation of ribosomal surveillance mechanisms in human cells.

Impact on the reduction of CO2 emissions due to the use of telemedicine.

Digital health can reduce CO2 emissions thanks to telemedicine and access to digital test results and medical reports. However, the environmental impact of digital health activity is not well known. Here, we show that telemedicine reduces CO2 emissions. We found a net total of 6,655 tons of CO2 emissions decrease through a reduction in patient travel to surgeries and medical clinics thanks to the alternatives of digital appointments and digital access to test results and medical reports, which avoid the need to travel to a clinic for a face-to-face visit or to pick up printed results or reports. During 2020, a total of 640,122 digital appointments were carried out by the health care company, which avoided 1,957 net tons of CO2 emissions, while patients downloaded 3,064,646 digital medical reports through the company portal, which avoided an additional 4,698 net tons of CO2 emissions. Our results demonstrate how digital appointments and digital reports, reduce CO2 emissions by reducing the need for patient travel.

Effects of Season on Donor and Recipient Cows and Calf Performance from Birth to Weaning in Embryo Transfer Programs in the Tropics.

The aim of this study was to assess the seasonal effect of an embryo transfer program in the tropics on the donor response, recipient reproductive performance and calf growth from birth to weaning. This study included five-year records from 145 donors, 1149 embryo transfers (ET) and 609 in calves. The effect of the season (dry or wet) was evaluated at the time of embryo flushing, embryo transfer and birth of the calves. There was a seasonal effect on the yield and quality of the embryos. The number of nonfertilized and transferable good quality embryos increased in the wet season. For the recipients, the probability of pregnancy after an ET decreased by 6% for each year of the dam's age. However, no seasonal effect was found when comparing ET calves with their control group (natural mating-NM), nevertheless, weaning weight was associated with birth body weight, treatment, sex of the calf, season at birth, year of treatment, and dam's age. Calves born by NM had lower average daily gain (ADG), and male calves registered higher gains than females. Likewise, calves born during the rainy season had lower ADG compared with calves born during the dry season. In conclusion, this study shows that seasonal effect is more apparent in donor and calf performance than in the recipients.

Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Structure-Activity Relationships of 4-Aminopiperidines as Novel Antifungal Agents Targeting Ergosterol Biosynthesis.

The aliphatic heterocycles piperidine and morpholine are core structures of well-known antifungals such as fenpropidin and fenpropimorph, commonly used as agrofungicides, and the related morpholine amorolfine is approved for the treatment of dermal mycoses in humans. Inspired by these lead structures, we describe here the synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-aminopiperidines as a novel chemotype of antifungals with remarkable antifungal activity. A library of more than 30 4-aminopiperidines was synthesized, starting from N-substituted 4-piperidone derivatives by reductive amination with appropriate amines using sodium triacetoxyborohydride. Antifungal activity was determined on the model strain Yarrowia lipolytica, and some compounds showed interesting growth-inhibiting activity. These compounds were tested on 20 clinically relevant fungal isolates (Aspergillus spp., Candida spp., Mucormycetes) by standardized microbroth dilution assays. Two of the six compounds, 1-benzyl-N-dodecylpiperidin-4-amine and N-dodecyl-1-phenethylpiperidin-4-amine, were identified as promising candidates for further development based on their in vitro antifungal activity against Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. Antifungal activity was determined for 18 Aspergillus spp. and 19 Candida spp., and their impact on ergosterol and cholesterol biosynthesis was determined. Toxicity was determined on HL-60, HUVEC, and MCF10A cells, and in the alternative in vivo model Galleria mellonella. Analysis of sterol patterns after incubation gave valuable insights into the putative molecular mechanism of action, indicating inhibition of the enzymes sterol C14-reductase and sterol C8-isomerase in fungal ergosterol biosynthesis.

La interdisciplinariedad en la formación del Licenciado en Cultura Física: su historia y tendencias / Interdisciplinaridade na formação do Bacharelato em Cultura Física: a sua história e as suas tendências / Interdisciplinarity in the training of Physical Culture Bachelor: Its history and trends

RESUMEN La sociedad actual y su carácter complejo, demanda la formación de profesionales cada vez más competentes e integrales capaces de dar solución a múltiples y difíciles problemas sociales; esto ha exigido a las universidades revisar las dificultades y contradicciones que aún se presentan en este sentido. En el ámbito de la actividad física y el deporte, el profesional que se desempeñe en el eslabón de base en Cuba, requiere una sólida formación interdisciplinaria, que la universidad como ente formador debe propiciar, pero no siempre ha logrado, en tanto no ha alcanzado en este aspecto los niveles deseados. Conocer como ha sido en su devenir histórico y caracterizar las principales tendencias de la interdisciplinariedad en la formación profesional del Licenciado en Cultura Física, objetivo de este trabajo, reviste total importancia para tomar acciones pertinentes y enrumbar dicha formación con un carácter interdisciplinario. Para lograrlo, se analizaron los resultados de investigaciones terminadas sobre la temática desde una perspectiva analítica, interpretativa o crítica de los autores, que permitió en calidad de artículo de opinión o debate, presentar el siguiente texto, para lograr una comprensión del tema desarrollado.

RESUMO A sociedade atual e o seu carácter complexo, requer a formação de profissionais cada vez mais competentes e integrais capazes de dar solução a múltiplos e difíceis problemas sociais; isto tem exigido às universidades que revejam as dificuldades e contradições que ainda são apresentadas neste sentido. No campo da atividade física e do desporto, o profissional que trabalha no elo básico em Cuba requer uma sólida formação interdisciplinar, que a universidade como entidade formadora deve promover, mas nem sempre alcançou, uma vez que não atingiu os níveis desejados neste aspecto. Saber como tem sido no seu desenvolvimento histórico e caracterizar as principais tendências de interdisciplinaridade na formação profissional do Licenciado em Cultura Física, objetivo deste trabalho, é de total importância para tomar ações pertinentes e dirigir esta formação com um carácter interdisciplinar. Para tal, os resultados da investigação concluída sobre o tema foram analisados a partir de uma perspectiva analítica, interpretativa ou crítica dos autores, o que permitiu, como artigo de opinião ou debate, apresentar o seguinte texto, de modo a alcançar uma compreensão do tema desenvolvido.

ABSTRACT The present society and its complex character, demands the training of increasingly competent and integral professionals capable of providing solutions to multiple and difficult social problems; this has required universities to review the difficulties and contradictions that are still present in this regard. In the field of physical activity and sport, the professional who works in the basic link in Cuba requires a solid interdisciplinary training, which the university as a training entity should promote, but has not always achieved, since it has not reached the desired levels in this aspect. To know how it has been in its historical development and to characterize the main tendencies of interdisciplinarity in the professional training of the Bachelor of Physical Culture, objective of this work, is of total importance to take pertinent actions and to direct such training with an interdisciplinary character. To achieve this, the results of completed research on the subject were analyzed from an analytical, interpretative or critical perspective of the authors, which allowed, as an opinion article or debate, to present the following text, in order to achieve an understanding of the developed topic.

[Comparison of mortality by femur fracture versus hip fracture in elderly patients in a period of five years]. / Comparación de mortalidad por fractura de fémur frente a fractura de cadera en ancianos en un periodo de cinco años.

BACKGROUND: Fractures in the elderly population are an economic, social and medical challenge. Not much is known about fractures in this population, which makes difficult the selection of an appropriate treatment. Hip fractures (HF) increase the risk of death and morbidity. Patients with midshaft femur fracture (MFF) have less morbidity and risk of death. The objective was to compare HF and MFF's survival. METHODS: Observational analytic study. The Hospital General de México database was used to gather patients aged 65 to 94 years with HF and MFF from 2010 to 2014. Patients had an heterogeneous follow-up and their cognitive status was not considered; we had a total of 146 patients. Follow-up was made through phone call. RESULTS: Kaplan-Meier estimate was used to assess survival. We compared survival depending on type of fracture and found no statistically significant difference (p = 0.97). On sub-analysis, we compared type of fracture on male gender (p = 0.21) and female gender (p = 0.316) and found no statistically significant difference on survival. This differs from what has been reported. It was used t test to evaluate survival in months, according to male (39.61 ± 19.1) and female (36.58 ± 23.19) gender; this showed a significant difference in both groups (p = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS: In the presence of fractures, we must consider gender when estimating survival on patients with hip or midshaft femur fracture.

INTRODUCCIÓN: las fracturas en los ancianos son un desafío económico, social y médico, de las cuales se desconoce mucho, lo cual dificulta la selección de un tratamiento adecuado. Las fracturas de cadera (FC) incrementan el riesgo de muerte y morbilidad. Los pacientes con fractura de diáfisis femoral (FDF) tienen menos morbilidad y riesgo de muerte. El objetivo fue comparar las FC y la supervivencia de la FDF. Métodos: estudio observacional analítico. Se usó la base de datos del Hospital General de México para recolectar pacientes de 65 a 94 años de edad con FC y FDF del 2010 al 2014. Los pacientes tenían un seguimiento heterogéneo y no se consideraba el estado cognitivo; fueron un total de 146. El seguimiento se hizo por medio de llamada telefónica. RESULTADOS: se usó la estimación de Kaplan-Meier para calcular la supervivencia. Se comparó la supervivencia dependiendo del tipo de fractura y no se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p = 0.97). En el subanálisis, se comparó el tipo de fractura en el sexo masculino (p = 0.21) y el sexo femenino (p = 0.316) y no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la supervivencia. Esto difiere de los hallazgos de la literatura. Se utilizó la prueba t para evaluar la supervivencia en meses según el sexo masculino (39.61 ± 19.1) y femenino (36.58 ± 23.19), lo que demuestra una diferencia significativa en ambos grupos (p = 0.037). Conclusión: ante la presencia de fracturas, debemos considerar el género para estimar la supervivencia en pacientes con FC o FDF.7.

[Ethics and methodology: the importance of promoting, evaluating and implementing education and humanities research in health]. / Ética y metodología: la necesidad de promover, evaluar e implementar la investigación en educación y humanidades en salud.

In this editorial we initially expose the agreements that have set the mechanisms to guarantee safety and fair treatment to human subjects in research. Later on, we offer alternatives from translational and multidisciplinary research to promote education and humanities research in health.

En el presente editorial se exponen, en un primer momento, los acuerdos que han establecido los mecanismos para garantizar la seguridad y el trato digno a las personas sujetas a investigación. Más tarde, se ofrecen alternativas, desde la investigación traslacional y la multidisciplina, para promover en el ámbito de la salud la investigación en educación y las humanidades.

A combined digital and stereophotogrammetric technique for rehabilitation with immediate loading of complete-arch, implant-supported prostheses: A randomized controlled pilot clinical trial.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Traditional impressions for complete-arch restorations are complex and time-consuming, and they can be uncomfortable for the patient. New digital techniques such as stereophotogrammetry may mitigate this. PURPOSE: The purpose of this randomized controlled pilot clinical trial was to compare the patient and dentist satisfaction and work times of traditional impressions (control group) and digital impressions with stereophotogrammetry in complete-arch, implant-supported prostheses. Success rates, implant survival, marginal bone loss around the dental implants, and prosthesis survival were also analyzed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This randomized controlled pilot clinical trial included 18 participants who received 131 dental implants. Implant impressions in the experimental group were made with stereophotogrammetry (8 participants with 66 implants), while traditional impressions were made in the control group (10 participants with 65 implants). Working times were measured in minutes starting from removal of the healing abutments to their replacement after the impression. Patient and dentist satisfaction was analyzed using a questionnaire with a visual analog scale, and implant success was assessed using the Buser success criteria. Prosthesis survival was defined as the presence of the prosthesis in the mouth, without screw loosening or fracture. RESULTS: The work times were 15.6 (experimental group) and 20.5 minutes (control group) (P<.001). The patient satisfaction scores were 8.8 in the experimental and 7.9 in the control group (P=.02). The dentist satisfaction scores were 9.1 in the experimental group and 8.5 in the control group (P=.03). The implant success rate was 100% in both groups. Marginal bone loss was 0.6 ±0.5 mm (experimental group) and 0.6 ±0.2 mm (control group) (P=.72). CONCLUSIONS: Digital impressions using stereophotogrammetry may be an alternative to traditional impressions. Patient and dentist satisfaction improved, and the work time was reduced in the experimental group. No statistically significant differences were found in terms of the implant success rate, implant survival, marginal bone loss, or prosthesis survival between the 2 groups.

Peri-implantitis: associated microbiota and treatment.

INTRODUCTION: Peri-implantitis is a late complication of dental implant treatment, induced by microbiological changes. Since the disorder is frequent, a review is indicated of the microorganisms that influence it and of the existing treatment options. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a literature review of the microbiota associated to peri-implantitis and the existing treatment options. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A PubMed literature search was made of the studies on the microbiota associated to dental implants in healthy patients and patients with peri-implantitis, as well as of the latest treatment developments, using the following key words: "peri-implantitis AND microbiota", "periimplantitis AND microbiota", "peri-implantitis AND treatment", and "periimplantitis AND treatment". Only clinical studies in humans were considered. The following criteria were applied for including articles in the analysis: a) for the peri-implant microbiota, the search limits were human studies after the year 2000; and b) for the treatment of peri-implantitis, the search limits were randomized and controlled clinical trials (RCTs) in humans, with a minimum follow-up of 4 months, and publication after the year 2000. RESULTS: A total of 18 articles were selected in relation to peri-implant microbiota, and 13 in relation to the treatment of peri-implantitis (8 involving nonsurgical mechanical treatments and 5 surgical procedures). CONCLUSIONS: Evaluation of the literature has shown the microbiota associated to peri-implantitis to be more complex than that found under healthy peri-implant conditions - the main flora consisting of anaerobic gramnegative bacteria. No clear criteria have been identified for the diagnosis and treatment of peri-implantitis.

Assessment of medical residents' satisfaction.

BACKGROUND: Modern medical education is focused on students, and it is necessary to assess its level of satisfaction. A questionnaire was validated and we then conducted a study about the educational satisfaction level of medical residents of the Hospital General of Mexico. METHODS: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional and prospective study was conducted. A questionnaire of 21 items was validated and then applied to a representative sample of medical residents. Each item was evaluated with a scale from 0 to 10 and then gathered in groups: 0-5 = poor, 6-7 = average, 8 = good, 9 = very good, and 10 = excellent. Descriptive and inferential statistics were carried out using SPSS v.17.0. RESULTS: The questionnaire had internal validity with Cronbach's alpha >0.91 by item. Included in the study were 355 medical residents representing 37 different specialties. The performance perception of the ìheadî professors showed a wide heterogeneity: excellent (23.7%), very good (20.6%), good (16.9%), average (23.1%), poor (15.8%). Fourth-year residents and upward valued the educational performance higher (p = 0.001) as well as medical/surgical residents (p = 0.02). Intermediate-level residents valued the professor higher (p = 0.001), similar to students who were married or living with a partner (p <0.001). Upon contrasting the evaluation of the teacher's performance with the overall course performance, a linear, direct and significant correlation was obtained with Spearman's correlation coefficient = 0.78 and regression coefficient (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We found a wide range of heterogeneity of results. Performance of the professors was the basic component to judge the quality of the residents' courses.

Infarto cerebral secundario a vasoespasmo por angiografía / Cerebral infraction following a vasospasm by angiography

En este estudio presentamos un caso de infarto cerebral secundario a la realización de una angiografía. Revisamos la fisiopatología, clasificación de la enfermedad vascular y se realiza una revisión del tratamiento del vasoespasmo cerebral